Steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG) occurs in up to 8% of the general population, with higher, clinically significant, or severe responses (IOP > 31 mmHg) affecting 4%–6% of individuals. The risk increases significantly…

TKIs in Retinal Disease Flashcards — 100 Cards TKIs in Retinal Disease Flashcards Card 1 of 100 Shuffle Previous Show Answer Next Full Screen

As candidates for board certification, you must approach Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) not as a static proliferative disorder, but as a dynamic, multifactorial disruption of retinal vascular development. A sophisticated…

ERM & VMT Flashcards — 100 Cards ERM & VMT Flashcards Card 1 of 100 Shuffle Previous Show Answer Next Full Screen

DIAMONDS Trial Flashcards — 79 Cards DIAMONDS Trial Flashcards Card 1 of 79 Shuffle Previous Show Answer Next Full Screen Lois, Noemi, et al. "Diabetic Macular Edema and Diode Subthreshold…

PVD & Retinal Tears Flashcards — 79 Cards PVD & Retinal Tears Flashcards Card 1 of 79 Shuffle Previous Show Answer Next Full Screen

Multimodal imaging (MMI) has transitioned from a supportive role to a central pillar in the early diagnosis of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease because it can detect subclinical inflammation that is often…

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1. Overview of the Review This systematic review and meta‑analysis synthesized 63 studies involving 7316 participants. It evaluated how CVI differs across 12 physiological and disease conditions, using OCT‑derived measurements.…

Clinical Research Update Tirzepatide and Reduced Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy and Related Complications: A Multicenter U.S. Cohort Study Ophthalmology, 2026 • PMID: 41577258 Objective & Study Design This population-based, retrospective…

IntroductionMacular telangiectasia (MacTel) is an insidious neurodegenerative disorder with a characteristic angiographic pattern and localized manifestations. It belongs to a heterogeneous group of rare disorders that characteristically involve the perifoveal…

Introduction Dome-shaped macula (DSM), first described in 2008, has evolved from an imaging curiosity to a recognized clinical entity with significant implications for retinal practice. Once thought to occur exclusively…

Introduction: A New Look at a Complex Disease Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy (ARB) is known for its wide clinical and genetic variability, making it a particularly challenging inherited retinal disease to…

Pilocarpine for Presbyopia: A Meta-Analysis of Short-Term Efficacy and Safety – Implications for Vitreoretinal Practice IntroductionAs vitreoretinal surgeons, we are keenly aware of the delicate balance between therapeutic innovation and…

Topic: Subretinal Hyperreflective Material, Atrophy, and Intraretinal Fluid in Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy (PNV)Reference: Baek J, Ra H, Lee SH, Cheung CMG, Lee WK. Am J Ophthalmol. 2025;280:472–480. Key Findings at a Glance A recent…

For decades, we’ve approached central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) through the lens of choroidal hyperpermeability, pachychoroid, and venous congestion. But what if a fundamental, routinely measured clinical parameter has been quietly…

Advanced imaging, particularly swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA), continues to refine our understanding of retinal microanatomy and disease pathophysiology. Two recent publications shed light on the structural and vascular…