Study Overview: The Optos Peripheral Retina (OPERA) Study Ancillary study of Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2). Longitudinal study assessing peripheral retinal changes in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) over 5…

Definition: PHOMS are oval, hyperreflective structures visualized on OCT B-scans around the optic nerve head, considered a marker of axoplasmic stasis. Prevalence: Found in 7% of eyes across a broad…

Pathophysiology of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP): RP is characterized by progressive rod photoreceptor degeneration due to various genetic mutations, followed by secondary cone photoreceptor loss. Rods (98% of photoreceptors) consume significant…

Overview of Checkpoint Inhibitors: Checkpoint inhibitors are humanized monoclonal antibodies that activate T-cells to target tumor cell antigens, first FDA-approved in 2011. Common agents: pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab (recognizable by “-mab”…

Definition and Epidemiology of NAION: NAION is the second most common optic neuropathy in adults, typically affecting individuals around 50 years of age. Prevalence: 2–10 per 100,000 population. Low recurrence…

General Overview Study Purpose: To assess whether laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG)-derived indices of ocular blood flow (choroidal and inner retinal) are reduced in nonexudative AMD compared to age-matched controls and…

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of preventable blindness globally, particularly in individuals with diabetes, with an expected rise to over 550 million diabetic patients by 2030. Early detection…

• Study Purpose: Investigates whether PAMM and peripapillary intraretinal/subretinal fluid (IRF/SRF) on macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) can differentiate arteritic AION (A-AION) from nonarteritic AION (NA-AION) at an early stage.…

• Overview of Large Language Models (LLMs):• ChatGPT-4o (OpenAI, released May 2024) and Gemini Advanced (Google, evolved from Bard) are advanced LLMs with multimodal capabilities, processing text, images, and audio.•…

Foveal Hypoplasia in Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) Foveal Hypoplasia in Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) • Definition and Pathophysiology: • Foveal hypoplasia (FH) is characterized by a shallow or absent foveal…

Residual Nonemulsified SO Residual Nonemulsified SO • Role of Silicone Oil (SO) in Vitreoretinal Surgery: • SO is commonly used as a tamponade in vitreoretinal surgery to manage complex retinal…

PEVAC PEVAC - PEVAC is a rare, unilateral, typically unifocal, perifoveal aneurysmal lesion first described in 2011 by Querques et al., characterized by a single, massive aneurysm with intraretinal cystic…

Papillophlebitis Papillophlebitis - Definition and Epidemiology:  - Papillophlebitis is a rare condition resembling central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in young, healthy adults (mean age ~25 years).  - Characterized by optic…