Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Definition and Importance: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy is a toxic ocular effect of long-term HCQ use, primarily for rheumatic (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], rheumatoid arthritis) and dermatologic conditions.…

Overview of Epiretinal Membrane (ERM): ERM is a fibrocellular membrane over the internal limiting membrane (ILM) due to myofibroblast proliferation, also known as macular pucker or cellophane maculopathy. Prevalence: 34.1%…

Overview of Geographic Atrophy (GA): GA is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) characterized by progressive retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor loss, leading to irreversible vision loss.…

Study Overview: The Optos Peripheral Retina (OPERA) Study Ancillary study of Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2). Longitudinal study assessing peripheral retinal changes in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) over 5…