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Protected: Central Bouquet Hemorrhage
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Unveiling the Hidden Risks of ROP: How Isolated Retinal Neovascularization Signals Severe Disease Progression in Premature Infants
Overview of Isolated Retinal Neovascularization (IRNV): IRNV, previously termed "popcorn" lesions, is a common finding in stage 2 and 3 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), visualized as neovascular tufts posterior to…
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Protected: A Rare Recovery: Subfoveal Dk-line Bubble Vanishes Spontaneously, Sparking Debate on Surgical Timing
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Shining a Light on Dry AMD: Photobiomodulation Therapy Offers Hope for Non-exudative Macular Degeneration
Overview of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD): AMD: Leading cause of irreversible vision loss in elderly; affects 196 million globally, projected to reach 288 million by 2040. Non-exudative (dry) AMD: Majority…
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GLP-1 Agonists: Balancing Cardiovascular Benefits with Potential Risks to Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Management
Overview of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (e.g., semaglutide, dulaglutide, liraglutide) are incretin-based drugs used for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity management. Act on pancreatic…
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Revolutionizing Retinal Care: Home OCT Devices Promise Precision and Accessibility for AMD and Beyond
Epidemiology and Burden: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects ~20 million in the US; diabetic retinopathy (DR) affects over 11 million. AMD costs ~$47 billion annually to US employers and health…
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Advances in Retinopathy of Prematurity: New Treatments and Screening Strategies to Prevent Blindness in Preterm Infants
Definition and Epidemiology: Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a multifactorial retinal vascular disorder affecting preterm infants, previously known as retrolental fibroplasia. Incidence in the US increased from 14.70% to 19.88%…
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Shifting Tides in Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment: The Rise of Ranibizumab and Decline of Panretinal Photocoagulation Post-Protocol S
Overview of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR): PDR is the most advanced form of diabetic eye disease, affecting patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treatment options include…
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Protected: Unveiling Wagner Syndrome: Novel Angiographic Insights into Retinal Microvasculature
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Protected: Revealing Recovery: How Advanced Imaging Tracks Choriocapillaris Restoration in APMPPE
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Protected: Seeing the Unseen: A Patient’s Visual Journey Through MEWDS
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Non-Inferiority Trials
Glossary of Key Terms Superiority Trial: A type of randomized controlled trial designed to show that one treatment is better than another (or placebo/standard care). Equivalence Trial: A type of…
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Neuroretinitis: A Comprehensive Review
Definition and Clinical Features Neuroretinitis is characterized by optic disc edema with macular exudates in a star pattern, often unilateral, resulting from primary optic disc inflammation with secondary macular…
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AI for Age-Related Macular Degeneration Assessment
This review highlights the increasing prevalence of AMD due to an aging population and the growing burden on healthcare systems. Concurrent advances in imaging modalities, particularly Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT),…
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Segmental Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
Definition: Superior Segmental Optic Nerve Hypoplasia (SSONH), also known as "topless optic disc," is a congenital condition characterized by reduced regional ganglion cells (RGCs) in the superior optic disc.…
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Protected: IRVAN
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Hypertensive Retinopathy
Introduction Hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality worldwide, projected to affect 1.56 billion people by 2025. Hypertension affects retinal, choroidal, and optic nerve circulations,…
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Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm
Clinical Description Definition: Acquired retinal arterial macroaneurysms are fusiform or round dilations of retinal arterioles, typically in the posterior fundus within the first three orders of arteriolar bifurcation. Common Location:…
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Retinal Burns from Laser Pointers
Definition and Importance: Laser pointer retinal injuries result from exposure to high-powered handheld laser devices, causing photic maculopathy with damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retinal layers.…
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Risk Factors for HCQ Retinopathy
Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Definition and Importance: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy is a toxic ocular effect of long-term HCQ use, primarily for rheumatic (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], rheumatoid arthritis) and dermatologic conditions.…