Multiple Sclerosis and Ophthalmology

Multiple Sclerosis and Ophthalmology

1. Disease Pathogenesis and Clinical Demographics Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the premier chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Characterized by inflammatory episodes that result in gliosis…
Steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG)

Steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG)

Steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG) occurs in up to 8% of the general population, with higher, clinically significant, or severe responses (IOP > 31 mmHg) affecting 4%–6% of individuals. The risk increases significantly…
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Eye

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Eye

1. Physiological Mechanisms and Incretin Pathophysiology Incretins are gut-derived metabolic hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells that serve as critical regulators of systemic glucose homeostasis. For the Academic Retina Specialist, mastering…