Summary Purpose of the Article The authors — Nikhil Bommakanti, Jose S. Pulido, Howard F. Fine, and Yoshihiro Yonekawa — critically examine the term “cyanescence”, which has been used…

Ophthalmology Board Prep Quiz   🧠 Overview Microcystic macular edema (MME) is a retinal condition characterized by small cystoid spaces within the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the retina. Initially…

GCA Quiz 🧠 Quiz: Inflammatory Markers in Giant Cell Arteritis   Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) remains a diagnostic challenge, especially when systemic symptoms are subtle or absent. While temporal artery…

Central serous chorioretinopathy is a chorioretinal disease characterized by a serous neuroretinal detachment in the active disease stage. This neuroretinal detachment is associated with defects in the retinal pigment epithelial…

Overview of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): PDT is a treatment for choroidal pathologies, involving intravenous infusion of a photosensitizing agent (e.g., Verteporfin) followed by targeted light exposure at 689 nm. Standard…

  Laser Fundamentals Definition: Laser = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Components: Optical Resonator: Comprises mirrors forming a cavity where light circulates. Gain Medium: Amplifies light (e.g., laser…

Study Overview Purpose: To identify underlying genetic diagnoses (familial exudative vitreoretinopathy [FEVR] or telomere biology disorders [TBD]) in preterm infants with atypical retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using genetic testing and…

Study Overview Purpose: Evaluates the safety of same-day bilateral intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections in preterm infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Design: Retrospective, multicenter case series involving…

  Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSCR) Overview: CSCR is characterized by subretinal fluid accumulation due to increased choriocapillaris blood flow and permeability, often linked to elevated cortisol or corticosteroid use.  Emerging…

Definition and Classification of Type 3 MNV: Type 3 macular neovascularization (MNV) is a distinct form of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) originating from the retinal vasculature, specifically the deep…

Study Overview: Phase 3, multicenter, randomized clinical trial (Pavilion) evaluating the Port Delivery System (PDS) with ranibizumab (100 mg/mL, refilled every 36 weeks, PDS Q36W) versus monitoring (control) in moderately…

Study Overview: Retrospective cross-sectional study comparing choroidal layer thickness beneath flat irregular pigment epithelial detachments (FIPEDs) in uncomplicated chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (uCSC) versus CSC complicated by type 1 macular…

Study Overview: Post hoc analysis of the DRCR Retina Network Protocol S randomized clinical trial comparing ranibizumab (anti-VEGF) versus panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Objective: Evaluate long-term…