Definition and Importance: Laser pointer retinal injuries result from exposure to high-powered handheld laser devices, causing photic maculopathy with damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retinal layers.…

Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Definition and Importance: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy is a toxic ocular effect of long-term HCQ use, primarily for rheumatic (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], rheumatoid arthritis) and dermatologic conditions.…

Overview of Epiretinal Membrane (ERM): ERM is a fibrocellular membrane over the internal limiting membrane (ILM) due to myofibroblast proliferation, also known as macular pucker or cellophane maculopathy. Prevalence: 34.1%…

Overview of Geographic Atrophy (GA): GA is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) characterized by progressive retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor loss, leading to irreversible vision loss.…

Study Overview: The Optos Peripheral Retina (OPERA) Study Ancillary study of Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2). Longitudinal study assessing peripheral retinal changes in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) over 5…

Definition: PHOMS are oval, hyperreflective structures visualized on OCT B-scans around the optic nerve head, considered a marker of axoplasmic stasis. Prevalence: Found in 7% of eyes across a broad…

Pathophysiology of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP): RP is characterized by progressive rod photoreceptor degeneration due to various genetic mutations, followed by secondary cone photoreceptor loss. Rods (98% of photoreceptors) consume significant…

Definition and Epidemiology of NAION: NAION is the second most common optic neuropathy in adults, typically affecting individuals around 50 years of age. Prevalence: 2–10 per 100,000 population. Low recurrence…