For decades, we’ve approached central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) through the lens of choroidal hyperpermeability, pachychoroid, and venous congestion. But what if a fundamental, routinely measured clinical parameter has been quietly…

Advanced imaging, particularly swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA), continues to refine our understanding of retinal microanatomy and disease pathophysiology. Two recent publications shed light on the structural and vascular…

Rethinking NPDR: From a Single Pathway to Three Distinct Phenotypes As vitreoretinal surgeons, we recognize that not all patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) progress to vision-threatening complications. A groundbreaking…

Key Findings from a Large Retrospective Study (2014–2018) As vitreoretinal surgeons, we are often called upon to manage complications arising from cataract surgery, with posterior capsular rupture (PCR) being one…

Key Takeaway: Peripheral laser photocoagulation for retinal degeneration does not significantly increase the risk of epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation, but certain treatment parameters might. Prophylactic laser treatment for peripheral retinal degeneration is a…

Hemoglobin and DR Quiz Hemoglobin and Diabetic Retinopathy: Test Your Knowledge 1 What was the strongest association found between low hemoglobin levels and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the reviewed study?…

Vitreous hemorrhage (VH) is a common but alarming condition where blood leaks into the vitreous cavity, often causing a sudden and painless loss of vision. While it affects approximately 7…

Scleral buckles reshape the eye depending on buckle material, suture placement, and circumferential tightening. This geometric alteration leads to secondary clinical effects, including: Changes in axial length (elongation or shortening).…

Ophthalmology Board Exam MCQs on EMAP Ophthalmology Board Exam Practice: EMAP (Extensive Macular Atrophy with Pseudodrusen-like Appearance) Select one answer per question. Feedback appears immediately after selection. Question 1: What…