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Protected: Focal Scleral Nodule (FSN)
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Updates on Epiretinal Membrane (ERM) Surgery
Overview of Epiretinal Membrane (ERM): ERM is a fibrocellular membrane over the internal limiting membrane (ILM) due to myofibroblast proliferation, also known as macular pucker or cellophane maculopathy. Prevalence: 34.1%…
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Slowing Geographic Atrophy
Overview of Geographic Atrophy (GA): GA is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) characterized by progressive retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor loss, leading to irreversible vision loss.…
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Protected: PPS Maculopathy
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Protected: Choroidal Vitiligo and PACG
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Protected: Mizuo-Nakamura Phenomenon
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Opera Study In AMD
Study Overview: The Optos Peripheral Retina (OPERA) Study Ancillary study of Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2). Longitudinal study assessing peripheral retinal changes in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) over 5…
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Protected: Idiosyncratic Choroidal Effusion
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Protected: A Case of Stickler Syndrome
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Peripapillary Hyperreflective Ovoid Mass-like Structures (PHOMS)
Definition: PHOMS are oval, hyperreflective structures visualized on OCT B-scans around the optic nerve head, considered a marker of axoplasmic stasis. Prevalence: Found in 7% of eyes across a broad…
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Protected: VF of Migraine Aura
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Protected: A Case of BDUMP
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Protected: Bilateral Retinal Detachments in a Previously Healthy Young Man
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N-Acetylcysteine and RP
Pathophysiology of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP): RP is characterized by progressive rod photoreceptor degeneration due to various genetic mutations, followed by secondary cone photoreceptor loss. Rods (98% of photoreceptors) consume significant…
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Checkpoint Inhibitors and Ocular Side Effects
Overview of Checkpoint Inhibitors: Checkpoint inhibitors are humanized monoclonal antibodies that activate T-cells to target tumor cell antigens, first FDA-approved in 2011. Common agents: pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab (recognizable by “-mab”…
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Vitreopapillary Findings in Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION)
Definition and Epidemiology of NAION: NAION is the second most common optic neuropathy in adults, typically affecting individuals around 50 years of age. Prevalence: 2–10 per 100,000 population. Low recurrence…
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Reduced Blood flow in nonexudative AMD
General Overview Study Purpose: To assess whether laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG)-derived indices of ocular blood flow (choroidal and inner retinal) are reduced in nonexudative AMD compared to age-matched controls and…
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IDx-DR for Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of preventable blindness globally, particularly in individuals with diabetes, with an expected rise to over 550 million diabetic patients by 2030. Early detection…
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PAMM in AION
• Study Purpose: Investigates whether PAMM and peripapillary intraretinal/subretinal fluid (IRF/SRF) on macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) can differentiate arteritic AION (A-AION) from nonarteritic AION (NA-AION) at an early stage.…
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Retinal Imaging Analysis by Language Models
• Overview of Large Language Models (LLMs):• ChatGPT-4o (OpenAI, released May 2024) and Gemini Advanced (Google, evolved from Bard) are advanced LLMs with multimodal capabilities, processing text, images, and audio.•…