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Introduction Dome-shaped macula (DSM), first described in 2008, has evolved from an imaging curiosity to a recognized clinical entity with significant implications for retinal practice. Once thought to occur exclusively…

Introduction: A New Look at a Complex Disease Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy (ARB) is known for its wide clinical and genetic variability, making it a particularly challenging inherited retinal disease to…

Pilocarpine for Presbyopia: A Meta-Analysis of Short-Term Efficacy and Safety – Implications for Vitreoretinal Practice IntroductionAs vitreoretinal surgeons, we are keenly aware of the delicate balance between therapeutic innovation and…

Topic: Subretinal Hyperreflective Material, Atrophy, and Intraretinal Fluid in Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy (PNV)Reference: Baek J, Ra H, Lee SH, Cheung CMG, Lee WK. Am J Ophthalmol. 2025;280:472–480. Key Findings at a Glance A recent…

For decades, we’ve approached central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) through the lens of choroidal hyperpermeability, pachychoroid, and venous congestion. But what if a fundamental, routinely measured clinical parameter has been quietly…

Advanced imaging, particularly swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA), continues to refine our understanding of retinal microanatomy and disease pathophysiology. Two recent publications shed light on the structural and vascular…

Rethinking NPDR: From a Single Pathway to Three Distinct Phenotypes As vitreoretinal surgeons, we recognize that not all patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) progress to vision-threatening complications. A groundbreaking…

Key Findings from a Large Retrospective Study (2014–2018) As vitreoretinal surgeons, we are often called upon to manage complications arising from cataract surgery, with posterior capsular rupture (PCR) being one…

Key Takeaway: Peripheral laser photocoagulation for retinal degeneration does not significantly increase the risk of epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation, but certain treatment parameters might. Prophylactic laser treatment for peripheral retinal degeneration is a…

Hemoglobin and DR Quiz Hemoglobin and Diabetic Retinopathy: Test Your Knowledge 1 What was the strongest association found between low hemoglobin levels and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the reviewed study?…

Vitreous hemorrhage (VH) is a common but alarming condition where blood leaks into the vitreous cavity, often causing a sudden and painless loss of vision. While it affects approximately 7…

SORVL Quiz SORVL Quiz 1. What is the reported incidence range of silicone oil removal–related vision loss (SORVL)? 40–60% 1–33% 70–90% 0.1–1% 2. Which mechanism has been proposed to explain…

Download Flashcards Scleral buckles reshape the eye depending on buckle material, suture placement, and circumferential tightening. This geometric alteration leads to secondary clinical effects, including: Changes in axial length (elongation…

Ophthalmology Board Exam MCQs on EMAP Ophthalmology Board Exam Practice: EMAP (Extensive Macular Atrophy with Pseudodrusen-like Appearance) Select one answer per question. Feedback appears immediately after selection. Question 1: What…

Widefield OCTA Quiz Widefield OCTA Board-Style Quiz Select a single best answer per question. Correct answers highlight in green, wrong answers in red. A green explanation box appears after you…

FEVR Board-Style Quiz FEVR Board-Style Pretest Quiz Select one answer per question. Correct choices highlight green; incorrect choices highlight red. A green explanation box appears after selection. Q1 Which statement…

Ophthalmology Board Exam MCQs on mTOR in PVR Prevention Pretest on mTOR Inhibition in PVR Prevention Select one answer per question. Feedback appears immediately after selection. Question 1: In the…